第20讲辐射换热.ppt

前面所了解的导热和对流换热特征： 有物质介入（热量传递的介质） 第九章 热辐射原理 Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation 介质处于静止（导热）或运动（对流换热） 热量传递的方向是温度降低的方向 导热依据导热定律，对流换热依据牛顿公式 辐射表面各处辐射能向所在点（微元面）的半球方向传递 热辐射不同点： 空间传递的能量不是热能，而是电磁波（Electromagnetic Waves ） 电磁波传递不需要中间介质 电磁波由辐射体内热能转化而来 若被其它表面吸收，会重新转化为热能，或可能转化为机械能（如太阳能电池） 描述热辐射的规律，有多个定量公式（定律） Electromagnetic Waves or Electromagnetic Radiation: represent the energy emitted by matter as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules. THERMAL RADIATION Different types of electromagnetic radiation are produced through various mechanisms. The type of electromagnetic radiation that is pertinent to heat transfer is the thermal radiation emitted as a result of energy transitions of molecules, atoms, and electrons of a substance. 关于离开物体表面辐射量的平均概念： 辐射力： 1、Basic concepts: Black Body Real Body 吸收率、反射率和透射率： 表面辐射（无透射）： 容积辐射： 辐射力对应热流密度！ 基尔霍夫定律： 有效辐射： 投射辐射： 2. More situations we should take in consideration A. direction B. wavelength 上述因素均对辐射和吸收有重要影响。 Blackbody radiation function： Planck’s law 投射辐射和有效辐射同样对应热流密度！ Wien’s displacement law total blackbody emissive power Eb 选择： blackbody radiation function EXAMPLE 1 Emission of Radiation from a Lightbulb The temperature of the filament of an incandescent lightbulb is 2500 K. Assuming the filament to be a blackbody, determine the fraction of the radiant energy emitted by the filament that falls in the visible range. Also, determine the wavelength at which the emission of radiation from the filament peaks. SOLUTION The temperature of the filament of an incandescent lightbulb is given. The fraction of visible radiation emitted by the filament and the wavelength at which the emission peaks are to be determined. Assumptions The filament behaves as a blackbody. Analysis The visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from T ＝ 2500 K Therefore, only about 5 percent of the radiation emitted by the filament of the lightbulb falls in the visible range. From Wien’s displacement law: Discussion: The ef