认知语言学第三章隐喻与转喻概要.pptVIP

Chapter3 Conceptual metaphor and metonymies Presented by 肖丽红 Three stages of Metaphors studies Initial stage(300BC-1920s): During this stage, Metaphors and Metonymies are studied as kinds of rhetoric devices. Aristotle, who first began to study the properties and functions of Metaphor, defined metaphor as the Transference of meaning between concepts in her book Rehetoric and Poetry. Representatives of this stages are Aristotle, Quintilian… Second stage(1930-1960): Focus on the structure and meaning of metaphor. This is a period of time that regard as the transitory stage between the study of metaphor as rhetoric devices and the study of metaphor as a cognitive model. Main representatives of this stage are R. Jakobson, E. Benveniste and M. Black. Third stage( 1970-now): Metaphors and Metonymies are regarded as cognitive models and been studied within multidisciplinary fields. 相似原则（principle of similarity） 人们容易将相同或相似的东西看做是一个单位。这一原则在概念和语言的形成中是最重要的原则。 顺接原则（principle of good continuation） 接近原则（principle of proximity） 在认知上，距离相近的事物容易被看做是一个单位。 突显原则（principle of prominence） 人们的注意力更容易观察和记忆事物比较突显的方面。 相似原则顺接原则是隐喻的认知原则。 接近原则凸显原则是转喻的认知原则。 好的语言是一种圆满的实现，能表达人的感知本身所不能表现的事情。——查理 语言学上，把由于两个事物的特征上所存在的某一类似之处，而用指一个事物的词来指代另一个事物的演变方式叫做隐喻（Metaphor）。 Metaphor involves using words from one domain to talk about the other. The domain from which words been selected is called the source domain, and the domain been described is regarded as the target domain. 隐喻的抽象认知能力来源于对两个概念的“相似（ similarity）”的认知。 映射域即人脑中两个概念建立相似性的地方。 Three major components of mapping scopes： Image schemas: firmly grounded in our bodily experiences, are the most probably shared by all human beings. ‘in-out’ Basic correlations: guide us in understanding the events and actions in the world around us. ‘causeeffect’, action/changemotion… Culture-dependent evaluations: restricted to the members of a specific culture. 映射（Mapping） 隐喻不仅是根据对具体事物的认知模式来认识和构造对其他事物的认知模式，而是将整个认知模式的结构、内部关系转移，这种转移被称为源模式向目标模式结构的映射。 隐喻本质上是一种认知现象，是思维相互作用的产