国际商务 环境与运作 11版 第七章.pptxVIP

Chapter 7Governmental Influence on TradeBy Cassie and Nola Chapter ObjectivesTo realize the rationales for governmental policies that enhance and restrict tradeTo interpret the effects of pressure groups on trade policiesTo understand the comparison of protectionist rationales used in high-income countries with those used in low-income countries’ economiesTo comprehend the potential and actual effects of governmental intervention on the free flow of tradeTo understand the major means by which trade is restricted and regulatedTo grasp the business uncertainties and business opportunities created by governmental trade policies7.1 IntroductionFigure 7.2 Physical and Societal Influences on Protectionism and Companies’ Competitive Environment 7.2 Conflicting Results of Trade PoliciesConflicting objectivesEconomic SocialPoliticalInterest groupsWorkers、Owners、Suppliers、Local politicians、Consumers7.3 Economic Rationales for Governmental InterventionTable 7.1 Rationales for Government Intervention in Trade7.3 Economic Rationales for Governmental InterventionUnemploymentInfant-Industry ArgumentIndustrialization ArgumentEconomic Relationships with Other Countries 7.3.1 Unemployment(1/2)Import restrictions to create domestic employmentRetaliationBig country and small countryExport jobs 7.3.1 Unemployment(2/2)Possible costs import restriction includePricesTaxesCompared the costsUnemploymentProtectionism7.3.2 Infant-Industry ArgumentCompetitiveEconomies of scaleWorker efficiencyValidity Further benefits Cost of protectionism7.3.3 Industrialization ArgumentUse of Surplus WorkersPromoting Investment InflowsDiversificationNation BuildingGreater Growth for Manufactured ProductsImport Substitution versus Export Promotion7.3.4 Economic Relationships with Other Countries(1/3)Balance-of-Payment AdjustmentsComparable Access of or ‘Fairness’Restrictions as Bargaining ToolPrice-Control Objectives7.4 Noneconomic Rationales for Government InterventionEssential Indus