Electrical Activity of the Heart：心脏电活动的.ppt

Heart Rate Calculation For irregular rhythms… Count the number of cardiac cycles in 6 seconds and multiple this by 10. (Figure 2.15) The ECG as a Combination of Atrial and Ventricular Parts Atrial ECG = P wave Ventricular ECG = QRS-T waves Normally, sinus node paces the heart and P wave precedes QRS P-QRS-T Sometimes, atria and ventricles paced separately (e.g. complete heart block) ECG in Perspective ECG recording of electrical activity not the mechanical function ECG is not a direct depiction of abnormalities ECG does not record all the heart’s electrical activity Questions End of chapter 2, questions 1-5 and 7. SA Node Action Potential “Funny” currents (phase 4); slow Na channels that initiate spontaneous depolarization No fast sodium channels Calcium channels (slow) Long-lasting, L-type Transient, T-type Potassium channels Action Potentials Fast and Slow Action Potentials It is important to note that non-pacemaker action potentials can change into pacemaker cells under certain conditions. For example, if a cell becomes hypoxic, the membrane depolarizes, which closes fast Na+?channels. At a membrane potential of about –50 mV, all the fast Na+?channels are inactivated. When this occurs, action potentials can still be elicited; however, the inward current are carried by Ca++?(slow inward channels) exclusively. These action potentials resemble those found in?pacemaker cells?located in the?SA node,and can sometimes display spontaneous depolarization and automaticity. This mechanism may serve as the electrophysiological mechanism behind certain types of?ectopic beats?and arrhythmias, particularly in?ischemic heart disease?and following?myocardial infarction. Conduction speed varies throughout the heart Slow - AV node Fast - Purkinje fibers Action Potential ECG records depolarization and repolarization Atrial depolarization Ventricular depolarization Atrial repolarization Ventricular repolarization The Body as a Conductor This is a graphical representation of the ge