东亚福利系统的主要特点Main feartures of East Asian welfare systems.pptx

SWK5913 Lecture 2 Main features of East Asian welfare systems;Outline ;The welfare state;Welfare capitalism and welfare state regimes;DECOMMODIFICATION(去商品化);Defamilisation (去家庭化);SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP (社会公民身份);UNIVERSALISM (普及主義);However, some degree of universalism is also associated with those welfare states based on the Beveridge (who built the post-war welfare state of the United Kingdom) model (for example, the National Health Service within the United Kingdom and Hong Kong), albeit in these cases it is often an equality of a basic minimum. Approaches counter to the principles of universalism are means testing (經濟評估)(in which entitlement is restricted on the basis of income and asset), targeting (目標篩選) (that is, when benefit receipt is only available to the restricted groups, often the most impoverished) or workfare (in which participation in employment or training is a condition of benefit entitlement). ;Social transfers (社会轉移);1) Social insurance benefits (which are contribution based and therefore earned entitlements), 2) Social assistance (often residual, means tested benefits for those who do not qualify for social insurance benefits), 3) Categorical benefits (paid to specific groups as long as the criteria are met—for example, child benefit in the United Kingdom; old age allowance in Hong Kong), 4) Occupational benefits (for example, sickness and disability pensions or maternity payments which are often administered by employers or other social partners) and; 5) Fiscal transfers (tax allowances and reliefs such as the earned income tax credit in the United States or the working tax credit in the United Kingdom). The relative value of social transfers as a replacement for wages。 ;WELFARE STATE REGIMES(福利國體系);Box 1;Conservative/corporatist/Bismarckian welfare state regime (Germany, France, Austria, Belgium, Italy and, to a lesser extent, The Netherlands) is distinguished by its ‘‘status differentiating’’ welfare programmes in which benefits are often ear