图形背景,注意凸显.pptVIP

Lecture 4 Content 4.1 Figure-Ground Segregation 4.2 Attention/Salience 4.1 Figure-Ground Segregation Danish psychologist Rubin first introduced the notion of figure/ground segregation. According to Talmy: the figure is a moving or conceptually movable object whose site, path, or orientation is conceived as a variable the particular value of which is the salient issue. The ground is a reference object with respect to which the Figure’s site, path, or orientation receives characterization. Figure vs Ground The face/vase illusion We can perceive the picture as two faces or a vase. Can we see both at one time? Why? Examples: The book is on the table. The balloon is flying over the house. She went out of the room. The boy climbed up the wall. 4.2 Attention/Salience 4.2.1 Selection Definition The focal adjustment of selection is our ability to attend to parts of our experience that are relevant to the purpose at hand and ignore aspects of our experience that are irrelevant. Example 1 In derivational morphology, writer-write, the -er shifts the word from process to agent. The selection of -er suffix depends on salience. Example 2 (1) The highlighting of different facets (2) Metonymy 1.Definition Metonymy is the use of a word to denote a concept other than its ‘literal’ denotation. 2.Example They played lots of Mozart. Here the countable Mozart is profiling the abstract uncountable music of Mozart. 3.Active Zone Analysis(活跃区域分析) In an active zone analysis the relational predication – a verb, adjective, adverb or proposition- adjusts its meaning to accommodate its semantic argument, and incorporates the ‘literal’ argument as its active zone. e.g. She heard the piano. The meaning of heard is ‘SBJ heard the sound of OBJ’, so the real meaning is ‘She heard the sound of the piano’ Example 3 To play Monopoly is fun. Monopoly is fun to play. Monopoly is fun. Transformationa