语言学phonology幻灯片.pptVIP

Chapter 2 音系学 As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. What is phonetics? The study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. 广义的音位学指对自然语言声音系统的一般性特征之研究，可以包括语音学； 　　 狭义的音位学方根研究人类语言中语音组合的方式、模式及变化。 　　 普通语言学中提及的音位学主要取其狭义。 From three distinctive but related points of view: Articulatory phonetics(发声语音学)studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds Auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）looks at the sound from the hearer’s point of view Acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）studies the way sounds travel by looking at sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. Organs of speech The pharyngeal cavitythe throat The oral cavitythe mouth The nasal cavitythe nose 1)The pharyngeal cavity（咽腔） The first point where sound modification might occur. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing”(浊音化), which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Such consonants are voiced(浊音的). When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless(清音的). 2)The oral cavity 口腔 The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in oral cavity. The speech organs located in this cavity are the : tongue, the uvular (6) 小舌, the soft palate (the velum) (5) 软腭, the hard palate(4) 硬腭, the teeth ridge (the alveolus)(3)齿槽, the teeth(2) and the lips(1). Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area resulting in the pronunciation of [k] and [g]. The