语用学的课件幻灯片.pptVIP

人称指示 第一、第二人称可做为文外照应。 第三人称在大多数情况下是用于文内照应的，但并不意味着它们不能用于文外照应。 He is not the president .He is .He is the secretary. 时间指示 Time deixis is mainly performed by time adverbials like now, then, afternoon, week, month, or their names Monday, January , together with this, that, last, next . 具体的年月日如：1999年8月7日。不是语用学的研究范围。 时间指示有选择时间指示词这一特点： (Today , now,后天,) 方位指示 没有界限（相对参照物） 说话人 there here That this There here Go take Come bring 方位指示 有时把交际双方看成一个整体，尽管两人空间存在距离。 Shall we go out there. We were here last night. 有时空间距离显得不重要，this 和that 的区别就淡化了。 This is the one. That’s the one. (找到东西的时候) 方位词 非指示性 five kilometers from the center of the city to the east of China 指示性 Bob is the man to the left of Mark. Proximal Distal I live here now. I lived here then. I could swim (when I was a child). I could be in Hawaii if I had a lot of money. If I had a yacht,--- If I were rich,--- Current time -current time and -reality 定冠词the 的指示用法 Stand by this desk. Sit in that chair. Come to the blackboard. John is behind the truck.(指示用法deictic) John is behind the tree.（非指示用法） The 的用法 The 表示所属：The horse is a useful animal. 表示照应 文内照应 文外照应 前照应 后照应 姿势型 象征型(指示世界上唯一的人或物) 礼貌用法 I am coming. 既不以说话人也不以听话人所在地为参照点。而以两人之中的任何一个人的家宅为指示参照点。但两人都身处在这个家宅之外。（home-based） 篇章指示 指示代词 this 和that 在篇章中用以表示某一话语和上文之间的语义关系的一些词语和短语：but ,therefore, to the contrary, still, well, besides, above all 用于时间指示的一些词语：last ,next, preceding, following, previous The last sentence, the following section Halliday 和Hasan 把 this ,that ,next 称为连接（conjunction） 社会指示 Social deixis is the use of deictic terms for indicating social status of the participants in discourse, and their relations determined thereupon. So it is mainly the terms used in person deixis that are used here again ,namely, personal pronouns and terms of address. 语言活动参与者的社会面目。 说话人与听话人之间相对的社会地位。 说话人与所谈及的人之间的相对的社会地位。 杂谈社会指示 您，贵姓，令尊，大作，玉照…… Whether you call somebody by the official title , the full name, the first name, or the nickname, reflect