Chapter15 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics文档.ppt

LAD has three elements: ? hypothesis-maker ? linguistic universal ? evaluation procedure * 15.5.2 What is generative grammar？ Aim: reveal the unity of particular grammars and universal grammars Evaluating grammar: ? Observational adequacy ? Descriptive adequacy ? Explanatory adequacy * 15.5.3 The classical theory Three features: (1) emphasis on generative ability of language (2) introduction of transformational rules (3) grammatical description regardless of meaning. Three kinds of grammar: finite state grammar 有限状态语法 phrase structure grammar transformational grammar * (1) finite state grammar: with a finite amount of apparatus, can generate an infinite number of sentences e.g. The rats the cat the dog chases worries die (2) phrase structure grammar e.g. 1. S ? NP + VP 2. VP? Verb +NP …… (3) transformational grammar (16 rules) Two kinds: ? obligatory 强制性 e.g. auxiliaries, particles ? optional 随意性 e.g. passive voice * 15.5.4 The standard theory Problems of the Classical theory: (1) the transformational rules are too powerful (2) his rules may generate ill-formed sentences e.g. John drinks wine cf Wine drinks John. (3) the transformational rules for the passive voice cannot be used at will e.g. some of the English verbs do not have passive structures Mary marries John. * John was married by Mary. * Changes of theory: including a semantic component Generative Grammar: ?syntactic( base component): Re-writing Rules Lexicon ? phonological – surface structure ? semantic – deep structure * Basic Component Re-writing rules Deep-structure Semantic Component Semantic Representation Lexicon Surface Structure Phonological rules Phonological Representation T-rules * Improvement of the Standard Theory: （1）tra