J08级第5章水质模型.pptVIP

PART Ⅲ Modeling Water Quality in the Environment 参考文献 周怀东，彭文启等 水污染与水环境修复 北京：化学工业出版社，2005 谢永明 环境水质模型概论 北京 中国科学技术出版社，1996 槐文信主编 河流海岸环境学 武汉：武汉大学出版社2006 汪家权，钱家忠 水环境系统模拟 合肥：化学工业出版社，2007 In managing water quality, quantitative predictive models are necessary because human activities and natural environmental changes (e.g., the eruption of Mount St. Helens) are continually perturbing the nation’s streams, lakes, and estuaries. Effects of these perturbations must be analyzed to provide mitigating measures or to determine if such an activity is suitable for a given site. In many cases, the approach is to determine what procedures will be most effective in solving a long-term water quality problem, rather than protecting a pristine water resource. Important factors governing the movement of contaminants in the air-water-soil environment are considered in Chapter 7. These factors are required for the construction of the mathematical models used to predict water quality changes in rivers, estuaries, lakes, and groundwater basins. Each of these physical systems is dominated by a different set of characterisitics and constraints. Typically, oxygen resources are considered in river and estuary models. Lake water quality is affected significantly by seasonal temperature and wind. Groundwater quality is related directly to adsorption and dissolution reactions with the minerals that make up the soil. River and estuary models are considered in Chapter 8. Lake and groundwater models are examined in Chapters 9 and 10, respectively. 本书第三部分共分为四章。第7章主要讲述影响气-水-土壤环境中污染物迁移的重要因素，基于这些因素的建立而用来预测河流、河口、湖泊和地下水水质变化的模型。每种天然水体都有不同的特性和限制条件。典型地，河流、河口模型考虑氧源，湖泊水质明显受季节温度和风力的影响，而地下水直接与组成土壤的矿物质的溶解和吸附反应有关。第8章讲述河流河口模型，第9、10章分别讲解湖泊和地下水模型。 水质数学模型简介 一、水质模型的定义 水质数学模型（简称水质模型），是描述水体中污染物在水环境中混合、随空间和时间迁移转化规律的数学方程。 污染物质随水体迁移过程中，受到水力学、水文、物理、化学、生物等因素的影响，引起污染物的混合、输移、稀释、分解和降解。建立水质模型的目的就是力图把这些相互制约因素的定量关系确定下来，从而为水质的规划、控制和管理提供技术支持。 二、水质模型的发展过程 水质模型的形成和发展已经经历了半个多世纪，大致可分为以下几个阶段： 1. 第一阶段(1925~1980年) 这是地表水质模型发展的初级阶段，该阶段模