世纪初物理天空上的几朵乌云.PPT

Double-slit experiment succeeds in a single hydrogen molecule Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL; Berkeley, CA) D Akoury, K Kreidi, T Jahnke, et al., Science 318, 949 (Nov. 9, 2007). * How to explain it ? ! In this sense, Electrons behave like waves! The probability of arrival of these electrons is distributed like the distribution of intensity of a wave. non-interference pattern * How to explain it ? ! It does work !!! Proposition A: Each electron either goes through hole 1 or it goes through hole 2. Then it should be Let’s do some mathematics! Let Where the complex function Ψ1 is related to the effect with only hole 1 open, the complex function Ψ2 is related to the effect with only hole 2 open. How about this one? Let Anyway, Proposition A is false. It is not true that the electrons go through hole 1 or hole 2. * Watching the electrons! Here is what we see: every time that we hear a “click” from our electron detector, we also see a flash of light either near hole 1 or near hole 2, but never both at once! Experimentally, proposition A is necessarily true!!! * Continue to watch the electrons! Don’t use such bright light source! If the electrons are not seen, we have interference! If we use “gentler” light perhaps we can avoid disturbing the electrons so much. We begin to get some interference effect when we make the wavelength longer than the distance between our holes. It is impossible to arrange a light in such a way that one can tell which hole the electron went through, and at the same time not disturb the interference patter. * That ‘s it ! You have to take it! It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through, that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference patter. We must assume that it describes a basic characteristic of nature * SUMMARY The probability of an event in an ideal experiment is given by the square of the absolute value of a complex number Ψwhich