Introduction to Inherently Safer Chemical Processes英_精品.ppt

Substitute ‘Substitution means the replacement of a hazardous material or process with an alternative which reduces or eliminates the hazard.’ Alternative Chemistry Polymerize then halogenate to avoid using hazardous monomers Generate and immediately consume the hazardous substance - DuPont v. Union Carbide for carbamate insecticides Phase transfer of catalysts Alternative Solvents Use water-based solvents v. organic-based Use aqueous or dry flowable formulations of agricultural chemicals Minimize use of chlorofluorocarbons for cleaning Use less toxic solvents in extractive distillation Utility Systems Use water or steam for heat transfer Use high flashpoint oils or molten salts where steam or water is not feasible Substitution Checklist Is it possible to completely eliminate hazardous raw materials, process intermediates, or by-products by using an alternative process or chemistry? Is it possible to completely eliminate in-process solvents by changing chemistry or processing conditions? Is it possible to substitute less hazardous raw materials? Noncombustible rather than flammable solvents Less volatile raw materials Less toxic raw materials More stable raw materials Is it possible to substitute less hazardous final product solvents? For equipment containing materials which become unstable at elevated temperature or freeze at low temperature, is it possible to use heating and cooling which limit the maximum and minimum temperatures attainable? Moderate ‘Moderate means using materials under less hazardous conditions.’ Dilution Dilute to lower vapor pressure Dilute to reduce initial release concentration Refrigeration Refrigerate to reduce storage pressure Refrigerate to reduce initial flash in event of a leak Refrigerate to eliminate aerosol formation in invent of a leak (reduced driving force, reduced superheat, reduced two phase jet) Particle Size Use large particle size to reduce employee exposure Use slurry or p