中英语言对比Chapter-5.pptVIP

Conception  and  Nomenclature Lecture 5 (I) Questions for discussion Nomenclature means the naming process for an entity. Can you give some examples that exhibit the difference in conception and nomenclature between Chinese and English? Can you translate the following Chinese words in English? 笋，青，亩，朵，扛，挑，万，亿，旬 手势： 手语： 手笔： 手感： 手段： 手杖： 手气： 手巧： 手无寸铁： 手足之情： Lexical disparity Lexical disparity refers to such a phenomenon as people find a lack of certain usage of corresponding words or phrases or means of conveying the intended meaning in the target language as is compared with the source language. Lexeme gap Semantic gap Usage gap Lexeme gap Lexical gap refers to the fact that no corresponding lexical items of the source language can be found in the target language. Different motivations behind nomenclature  The meaning of a word is not a single, lone entity but reflects the process of generalization, a step forward in people’s cognition. Living in different environments with different habits and customs, different nations may have different ways of classifying things, that is, according to different family resemblance they see in the things they observe. Thus, a concept represented by a word in one language may not form a concept in another language. Examples 他手里拿着个杯子。 他手里抱着个孩子。 他们手挽手在河边散步。 他们手拉手站成一个大圆圈。 你瞧他手上戴着的那块瑞士表。 君子动口不动手。 Observation The Chinese words 手掌，手腕，手臂，手指all contain the element 手, so naturally they are all considered parts of 手 by Chinese. But in English each of the above has an independent name---palm, wrist, arm and finger, and we don’t see any connection in their nomenclature. More examples 大车，大米，大葱，大豆，大白菜，大纲，大合唱，大动作，大方向，大丈夫，大人物，大姐大，大白天，大鱼大肉 More to say Some words in one language may correspond to phrases in the other, as the concepts expressed in one cannot be summed up in single words, or lexicalized, in the other. bread---面包 night---夜晚 sip---小口小口地喝 bargain---讨价还价 census---人口普查 jubilee---五十周年纪念 l