数据通信与网络chapter12.ppt

Figure 12.17 Flow diagram for CSMA/CA 12-2 CONTROLLED ACCESS In controlled access, the stations consult one another to find which station has the right to send. A station cannot send unless it has been authorized by other stations. We discuss three popular controlled-access methods. ReservationPollingToken Passing Topics discussed in this section: Figure 12.18 Reservation access method Figure 12.19 Select and poll functions in polling access method Figure 12.20 Logical ring and physical topology in token-passing access method 12-3 CHANNELIZATION Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. In this section, we discuss three channelization protocols. Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA)Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Topics discussed in this section: We see the application of all these methods in Chapter 16 whenwe discuss cellular phone systems. Note Figure 12.21 Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) In FDMA, the available bandwidth of the common channel is divided into bands that are separated by guard bands. Note Figure 12.22 Time-division multiple access (TDMA) In TDMA, the bandwidth is just one channel that is timeshared between different stations. Note In CDMA, one channel carries all transmissions simultaneously. Note Figure 12.23 Simple idea of communication with code Figure 12.24 Chip sequences Figure 12.25 Data representation in CDMA Figure 12.26 Sharing channel in CDMA Figure 12.27 Digital signal created by four stations in CDMA Figure 12.28 Decoding of the composite signal for one in CDMA Figure 12.29 General rule and examples of creating Walsh tables The number of sequences in a Walsh table needs to be N = 2m. Note Find the chips for a network with a. Two stations b. Four stations Example 12.6 Solution We can use the rows of W2 and W4 in Figure 12.29: a. For a