有机化学知识点归纳（Organic chemistry, knowledge, induction）.docVIP

有机化学知识点归纳（Organic chemistry, knowledge, induction） Organic chemistry, knowledge, induction First, the structure and properties of organic compounds 1 Definitions of functional groups: atoms, clusters, or chemical bonds that determine the chemical properties of organic compounds. 2. The functional groups, structural characteristics and main chemical properties of common organic compounds (1) alkane (A) functional group: No; general formula: CnH2n+2; representation: CH4 B) structural features: the bond angle is 109 degrees 28 , and the space is tetrahedral molecule. So are the four valence bonds of each C atom in the alkane molecule. (C) physical properties: 1., at room temperature, their state from gas, liquid to solid, and whether it is gas or liquid, are colorless. Generally, C1~C4 is gaseous, C5~C16 is liquid, and C17 is solid. 2. the boiling point of them is from low to high. From 3. density of alkanes, but are less than 1g/cm^3, which is less than the density of water. 4. alkanes are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents D) chemical properties: Substitution reaction (with halogen elements, under illumination) ,,....... Combustion Pyrolysis C16H34 C8H18 + C8H16 Hydrocarbon combustion formula: Combustion formula of oxygenated derivative of hydrocarbon: E) laboratory method: methane: Note: 1. sodium acetate: alkali lime =1:3 2. solid solid heating 3. anhydrous (can not use NaAc crystal) 4.CaO: water absorption and dilution of NaOH, not catalyst (2) olefins: A); functional groups: Formula: CnH2n (n = 2); representative: H2C=CH2 B) structural features: the key angle is 120 degrees. The carbon atom of a double bond is coplanar with the four atoms it connects. C) chemical properties: Addition reaction (with X2, H2, HX, H2O, etc.) Dimerization reaction (with itself, other olefins) Combustion Oxidation reaction 2CH2 = CH2 + O2 2CH3CHO Hydrocarbon combustion formula: D) laboratory process: ethylene: Note: 1.V alcohol: V concentrated sulfuric acid =1:3 (dehydr