Batteries and Fuel Cells：电池和燃料电池.pptVIP

Batteries and Fuel Cells Portable Electric Energy The Battery A cell consists of two electrodes of different metals immersed in a weak acid Multiple cells can be stacked in series to make a battery The positive terminal is called the anode and the negative terminal the cathode Connecting Batteries in Series Batteries connected end to end will have a voltage equal to the total voltage of the individual batteries Disposable dry cell batteries have a typical voltage of 1.5 V Amp-hours The total energy contained within a battery can be described using Amp-hours Example: A battery that can provide 4 A-hrs can generate 4 A for 1 hour, 2 A for 2 hrs., etc. Example: A 12 volt car battery can provide 60 A-hrs. of energy. How many joules is this? Solution: If it drew 60 A of current at 12 V, that would be (60 A) x (12 V) = 720 W. And 1 hr = 3600 s, so (720 W) x (3600 s) = 2.59 x 106 J In other words: Energy (J) = (Amp-hours) x (Volts) x (3600) How a Battery (Cell) Works Both electrodes slowly dissolve in the acid At the anode, electrons are used in chemical reactions as the metal dissolves At the cathode, electrons are absorbed into the electrode as the metal dissolves The net result is a buildup of electrons at the cathode Disposable and Rechargeable Batteries A rechargeable battery can be connected to an electric current so that dissolved metals reform on the electrodes Examples: lead acid, nickel cadmium, lithium, etc. The chemical reactions that power a disposable battery cannot be reversed Examples: alkaline dry cells, etc. The Lead Acid Battery Two electrodes, one of lead, the other of lead dioxide (PbO2) immersed in sulfuric acid Lead ions (Pb++) dissolve, leaving two electrons behind Two electrons flow through the circuit and are used to help lead dioxide dissolve Disposable Batteries A typical disposable battery contains a carbon (graphite) and a zinc electrode The electrolyte is a paste of ammonium chloride Disposable batteries may leak if too much of the zinc can