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GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Mobile phase is a gas! Stationary phase could be anything but a gas Atomic emission detector (AED) Flame Photometric Detector (FPD) Flame Photometric Detector (FPD) Mass Spectrometry Detector Concentration-sensitive vs Mass-sensitive Detector Concentration-sensitive detector responds to the concentration of the analyte in the mobile phase (the mobile phase is directly involved in the signal formation). (e.g. TCD and ECD). Mass-sensitive detector responds to the number of molecules or ions that contact with the detector (the mobile phase is not directly involved in the signal formation). (e.g. FID, AED, and FPD). GC Column and Stationary Phase Adsorption on column packing and capillary walls Stationary Phase Low volatility Thermal stability Chemical inertness Solvent characteristic (k’ and ? etc) Qualitative Analysis – Retention Index (I) I for an analyte is a measure of the rate at which it is carried through a column compared with the rate of movement of two normal alkanes one that moves faster than the analyte and the other that moves more slowly. I of alkanes, by definition, is 100 times the number of carbon atom they contain regardless of the column packing, temperature or other conditions e.g. butane, I = 400 pentane, I = 500 Quantitative Analysis Using GC * Gas Chromatography (GC) GC is currently one of the most popular methods for separating and analyzing compounds. This is due to its high resolution, low limits of detection, speed, accuracy and reproducibility. GC can be applied to the separation of any compound that is either naturally volatile (i.e., readily goes into the gas phase) or can be converted to a volatile derivative. This makes GC useful in the separation of a number of small organic and inorganic compounds (They can be big compounds if you can make them small before separation!) A simple GC system consists of: 1. Gas source (with pressure and flow regulators) 2. Injector or sample application sys