SQL-99 Schema Definition, Basic Constraints, and Queries一架构定义，基本约束，和查询.pptVIP

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SQL-99 Schema Definition, Basic Constraints, and Queries一架构定义，基本约束，和查询.ppt

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Chapter 8 SQL-99: Schema Definition, Basic Constraints, and Queries Data Definition, Constraints, and Schema Changes Used to CREATE, DROP, and ALTER the descriptions of the tables (relations) of a database CREATE TABLE Specifies a new base relation by giving it a name, and specifying each of its attributes and their data types (INTEGER, FLOAT, DECIMAL(i,j), CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n)) A constraint NOT NULL may be specified on an attributeCREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT ( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL, MGRSSN CHAR(9), MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9) ); CREATE TABLE In SQL2, can use the CREATE TABLE command for specifying the primary key attributes, secondary keys, and referential integrity constraints (foreign keys). Key attributes can be specified via the PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE phrases CREATE TABLE DEPT ( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL, MGRSSN CHAR(9), MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9), PRIMARY KEY (DNUMBER), UNIQUE (DNAME), FOREIGN KEY (MGRSSN) REFERENCES EMP ); DROP TABLE Used to remove a relation (base table) and its definition The relation can no longer be used in queries, updates, or any other commands since its description no longer exists Example:DROP TABLE DEPENDENT; ALTER TABLE Used to add an attribute to one of the base relations The new attribute will have NULLs in all the tuples of the relation right after the command is executed; hence, the NOT NULL constraint is not allowed for such an attribute Example:ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD JOB VARCHAR(12); The database users must still enter a value for the new attribute JOB for each EMPLOYEE tuple. This can be done using the UPDATE command. Features Added in SQL2 and SQL-99 CREATE SCHEMA REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY OPTIONS CREATE SCHEMA Specifies a new database schema by giving it a name REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY OPTIONS We can specify RESTRICT, CASCADE, SET NULL or SET DEFAULT on referential integrity constraints (foreign keys)CREATE TABLE DEPT ( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NU