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VECTORS Elements of a set V for which two operations are defined: internal ? (addition) and external ? (multiplication by a number), associative law for addition if a,b,c ?V then a ? ( b ? c ) = ( a ? b) ? c additive identity [A1,A2,A3]? [0,0,0] = = [(A1+0), (A2+0), (A3+0)] = = [A1,A2,A3] additive inverse [A1,A2,A3]? [-A1,-A2,-A3] = = [A1+(-A1), A2+(-A2), A3+(- A3)] = = [0,0,0] commutative law of addition [A1,A2,A3]?[B1,B2,B3]= = [(A1+B1), (A2+B2), (A3+B3)] = = [(B1+A1), (B2+A2), (B3+A3)] = = [B1,B2,B3] ? [A1,A2,A3] associative law for multiplication ??(??[A1,A2,A3]) = = ??[(?A1), (?A2), (?A3)]= = [?(?A1), ?(?A2), ?(?A3)]= =[(??)A1, (??)A2, (??)A3)]= =(??) ?[A1,A2,A3] multiplicative identity 1 ? [A1,A2,A3] = = [1A1,1A2,1A3] = = [A1,A2,A3] distributive law ??([A1,A2,A3]?[B1,B2,B3]) = = ?? [(A1+B1), (A2+B2), (A3+B3)] = = [?(A1+B1), ?(A2+B2), ?(A3+B3)] = = [?A1+?B1, ?A2+?B2, ?A3+?B3] = = ([?A1, ?A2, ?A3]?[?B1, ?B2, ?B3])= = ??[A1,A2,A3]? ??[B1,B2,B3] distributive law (?+?)?[A1,A2,A3] = = [(?+?)A1,(?+?)A2,(?+?)A3] = = [(?A1+?A1),(?A2+?A2),(?A3+?A3)]= = [?A1,?A2,?A3] ? [?A1,?A2,?A3] = = ??[A1,A2,A3] ? ??[A1,A2,A3] Vector quantities A quantity that obeys the same rules of combination as vectors is a vector quantity. Each vector quantity can be represented isomorphically by a vector, but cannot be represented by a number. the base isomorphism oriented segment ? triad of numbers(Cartesian system) the scalar product a ○ b = b ○ a (commutative) (? ? a) ○ b = ? ? (a ○ b) (associative) (a ? b) ○ c = (a ○ c) + (b ○ c) (distributive) a ○ a ? 0; a ○ a = 0 ? a = 0 the scalar product of oriented segments the scalar product in Rn scalar product of vector quantities For physical vector quantities, we define scalar product through the scalar product of the oriented segments representing them. the magnitude The magnitude of a vector is a number defined by the scalar product: theorem angle between vectors projection of a vector theorem the components * ??A A?