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Spatial data models (types) Lecture 3, 9/7/2006 Two basic data models to represent these features Raster spatial data model Define space as an array of equally sized cells arranged in rows and columns. Each cell contains an attribute value and location coordinates Individual cells as building blocks for creating images of point, line, area, network and surface Continuous raster Numeric values range smoothly from one location to another, for example, DEM, temperature, remote sensing images, etc. Discrete raster Relative few possible values to repeat themselves in adjacent cells, for example, land use, soil types, etc. Vector spatial data model Use x-, y- coordinates to represent point, line, area, network, surface Point as a single coordinate pair, line and polygon as ordered lists of vertices, while attributes are associated with each features Usually are discrete features DIGITAL SPATIAL DATA Raster and Vector Data Models Example: Discrete raster Vector – Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Good representation of reality Compact data structure Topology can be described in a network Accurate graphics Disadvantages Complex data structures Simulation may be difficult Some spatial analysis is difficult or impossible to perform Raster – Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Simple data structure Easy overlay Various kinds of spatial analysis Uniform size and shape Cheaper technology Disadvantages Large amount of data Less “pretty” Projection transformation is difficult Different scales between layers can be a nightmare May lose information due to generalization GIS data formats (files) Shapefiles Coverages TIN (e.g. elevation can be stored as TIN) Triangulated Irregular Network Grid (e.g. elevation can be stored as Grid) Image (e.g. elevation can be stored as image) Shape Files Nontopological Advantages no overhead to process topology Disadvantages polygons are double digitized, no topologic data checking At least 3 files .shp .shx .dbf Coverages Original A