4. Labor, Material and Equipment Utilization文档.docVIP

4. Labor, Material and Equipment Utilization 4.1 Factors Affecting Job-Site Productivity Job-site productivity is influenced by many factors which can be characterized either as labor characteristics, project work conditions or as non-productive activities. The labor characteristics include: ●age, skill and experience of workforce ●leadership and motivation of workforce The project work conditions include among other factors: ●Job size and complexity. ●Job site accessibility. ●Labor availability. ●Equipment utilization. ●Contractual agreements. ●Local climate. ●Local cultural characteristics, particularly in foreign operations. The non-productive activities associated with a project may or may not be paid by the owner, but they nevertheless take up potential labor resources which can otherwise be directed to the project. The non-productive activities include among other factors: ●Indirect labor required to maintain the progress of the project ●Rework for correcting unsatisfactory work ●Temporary work stoppage due to inclement weather or material shortage ●Time off for union activities ●Absentee time, including late start and early quits ●Non-working holidays ●Strikes Each category of factors affects the productive labor available to a project as well as the on-site labor efficiency. Labor Characteristics Performance analysis is a common tool for assessing worker quality and contribution. Factors that might be evaluated include: ●Quality of Work - caliber of work produced or accomplished. ●Quantity of Work - volume of acceptable work ●Job Knowledge - demonstrated knowledge of requirements, methods, techniques and skills involved in doing the job and in applying these to increase productivity. ●Related Work Knowledge - knowledge of effects of work upon other areas and knowledge of related areas which have influence on assigned work. ●Judgment - soundness of conclusions, decisions and actions. ●Initiative - ability to take effective action wit