供应链管理(第11、12讲)_1.pptVIP

8/29/00 S. Chopra / Demand Planning Chapter 10Managing Economies of Scale in a Supply Chain: Cycle Inventory Outline Role of Cycle Inventory in a Supply Chain Economies of Scale to Exploit Fixed Costs Economies of Scale to Exploit Quantity Discounts Short-Term Discounting: Trade Promotions Estimating Cycle Inventory-Related Costs in Practice 第10章 获取供应链规模经济的手段：周转库存 一、周转库存在供应链中的作用 二、利用固定成本获取规模经济 三、利用数量折扣获取规模经济 四、短期折扣：商业促销 五、在实践中估测与周转库存相关的费用 周转库存产生原因 ——规模经济 大批量生产与采购 订购与运输 数量折扣与促销 Role of Inventory in the Supply Chain Role of Cycle Inventoryin a Supply Chain Lot, or batch size: quantity that a supply chain stage either produces or orders at a given time Cycle inventory: average inventory that builds up in the supply chain because a supply chain stage either produces or purchases in lots that are larger than those demanded by the customer Q = lot or batch size of an order D = demand per unit time Inventory profile: plot of the inventory level over time (Fig. 10.1) Cycle inventory = Q/2 (depends directly on lot size) Average flow time = Avg inventory / Avg flow rate Average flow time from cycle inventory = Q/(2D) Role of Cycle Inventoryin a Supply Chain Q = 1000 units D = 100 units/day Cycle inventory = Q/2 = 1000/2 = 500 = Avg inventory level from cycle inventory Avg flow time = Q/2D = 1000/(2)(100) = 5 days Cycle inventory adds 5 days to the time a unit spends in the supply chain Lower cycle inventory is better because: Average flow time is lower Working capital requirements are lower Lower inventory holding costs 周转库存在供应链中的作用 周转库存指供应链中建立的平均库存量 Q：订购批量 D：单位时间需求量（假设需求量不变） 周转库存＝批量库存/2＝Q/2 周转库存平均周转时间(平均流程时间)＝周转库存/需求量＝Q/2D 为减少市场波动，公司理想周转库存一般较小 Role of Cycle Inventoryin a Supply Chain Cycle inventory is held primarily to take advantage of economies of scale in the supply chain Supply chain costs influenced by lot size: Material cost = C Fixed ordering cost = S Holding cost = H = hC (h = cost of holding $1 in inventory for one year) Primary role of cycle inventory is to