An Introduction to Linguistics《语言学概论》.pptVIP

Some linguists argued that language can not be studied any more in isolation from the user and the context. New approaches began to develop which, under various labels and with new techniques of enquiry, attempted to relate the study of language to the external reality and to the language user’s psychological situation. Initiated from the mid 1960s, some new fields of study were: sociolinguistics, pragmatics, the ethnography （人种论）of speaking，systemic functional grammar, corpus linguistics(语料库语言学), discourse analysis (话语分析）, and cognitive linguistics（认知语言学）. All of these new studies connect the study of language with the speaker-hearer, the context, and the topic. They are more concerned with the relation between language and context and between language and language user. 1.5.2.1 Corpus Linguistics (语料库语言学） It deals with the principles and practice of using corpora in language study. The study of language in actual use has required a corpus-based research. Scholars need a corpus to analyze patterns of use in natural texts. A corpus refers to a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech. A corpus enables the linguist to verify a hypothesis about language, e.g. to determine how the usage of a particular sound, word, or syntactic construction varies. A computer corpus is a large body of machine-readable texts. The importance of corpora to language study is aligned to the importance of empirical （经验的）data. Empirical data enables the linguist to make objective statements rather than those based upon individual’s own subjective perception of language. Empirical data also allows us to study language varieties. Corpus linguistics should be seen as a subsection of the activity within empirical and emotional approaches to linguistics. 1.5.2.2 Discourse Analysis （话语分析） Traditional linguistic analysis has concentrated on the structure of sentences, but in recent years, there has been a growing in