微观经济学需求与供给教程.pptVIP

* See Section 5-2 in the main text, and Figure 5-4. * See Section 5-5 in the main text. * See Section 5-5 in the main text, and Table 5-7. The animation holds back the own-price elasticities. * See Section 5-6 in the main text. * See Section 5-6 in the main text. * See Section 5-6 in the main text, and Figure 5-5. Elasticity is higher in the long run In the short run, consumers may not be able (or ready) to adjust their pattern of expenditure. If price changes persist, consumers are more likely to adjust. Demand thus tends to be more elastic in the long run but relatively inelastic in the short run. 部分产品的需求价格弹性 ? PRODUCT PRICE ELASTICITY INELASTIC ? Water 0.14 Food 0.21 Lively arts (theater,etc.) (0.07,0.29) Cigarettes (0.3,0.4) Legal services 0.50 Stationery 0.57 Jewelry, Watches 0.67 ? ? APPROXIMATELY UNIT-ELASTIC ? Beer 1.13 Electricity 1.14 Mass transit, Bus 1.20 New cars 1.20 ? ? ELASTIC ? Charitable giving 1.29 Marijuana 1.50 Air travel 2.40 Toilet articles, preparations 3.04 Motion pictures 3.70 数据来源：Principles of Economics,Richard,w.Tresch,1994 ,P 120 参考资料： 5　需求价格弹性与总收益 谷贱伤农 丰收悖论 p Q 富有弹性的商品降价才能够提高销售收入 △ TR=P2Q2-P1Q1=(P1+△P)(Q1+ △Q)-P1Q1 =P1 △Q+ △PQ1+ △P △Q = (△Q/ △P*P1/Q1+1)* △PQ1 =(1+Ed) △PQ1 △P0, |Ed | 1, △ TR0 | Ed | =1, △ TR=0 | Ed | 1, △ TR0 （三）需求的交叉价格弹性 Exy= (△Qx/Qx)/(△Py/Py) 替代品的交叉价格弹性为正，互补品的交叉价格弹性为负 The cross price elasticity of demand The cross price elasticity of demand for good x with respect to the price of good y is : % change in quantity demanded of good x % change in the price of good y This may be positive or negative The cross price elasticity tends to be negative if two goods are complements e.g. bread and milk. The cross price elasticity tends to be positive if two goods aresubstitutes: e.g. tea and coffee 部分产品的交叉价格弹性 PRODUCT SUBSTITUTE PRODUCT CROSS-PRICE ELASTICITY BEEF Pork 0.28 BUTTER