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The spine has three types of curves: Kyphotic, which typically refers to the outward curve of the thoracic spine (at the level of the ribs) Lordotic, which refers to the inward curve of the lumbar spine (just above the buttocks) Scoliotic, which is a sideways curvature of the spine and which is always abnormal  What is scoliosis? Scoliosis is an abnormal curve of the spine (backbone). With scoliosis, the spine isnt straight. Instead, the spine is crooked and curves to the side. If the spine is very crooked, the ribs or hips may stick out more on one side than the other side. Also, one shoulder may be lower than the other. 脊柱侧凸 Inside the Knee The knee is designed for its own protection. Its completely surrounded by a joint capsule thats flexible enough to allow movement but strong enough to hold the joint together. The capsule is lined with synovial滑液的;滑膜的tissue, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint. Wear-resistant cartilage软骨 covering the ends of the thighbone股骨(femur) and shinbone胫骨 (tibia) helps reduce friction during movement. Pads of cartilage (menisci) act as cushions between the two bones and help distribute body weight in the joint. Fluid-filled sacs (bursas囊) provide cushioning as skin or tendons move across bone. Ligaments along the sides and the back of the knee reinforce the joint capsule, adding stability. The kneecap (patella髌骨) protects the front of the joint. Thanks! Koilonychia反甲Fingernail Nail Abnormality Signs Concave凹的 or Spoon shaped nails Associated Conditions  ? Anemia  ? Thyroid甲状腺 dysfunction  ? Trauma  ? Impaired peripheral circulation  ? Familial 家族性的  ? Normal finding in infants  Koilonychia may be caused by or feature of (sorted by category) ? Autosomal dominant conditions Steatocystoma皮脂腺囊瘤multiplex ? Nutritional conditions Iron deficiency The nails are flattened and have concavities. This condition may be associated with iron deficiency. acropachy 杵