中高层大气物理学第二章Solarirradiance太阳能电池辐照.ppt

F10.7 and EUV It is rather well correlated with the fluxes of the EUV and X-ray radiation, and appears to be emitted from areas on the solar surface with extremely high temperature. Energy Distribution The spectrum from the Sun extends from X-rays (10?8 m) or less to radio waves of 100m or more. 99% of the energy is concentrated in the range 276 to 4960 nm 99.9% in the range 217 to 10940 nm. All but 0.1% of the energy is found in the visible, infrared and ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. * * /hotshots/1999_12_20/Actually the annual variation do to the variation in the Earth-Sun distance has been removed from this plot. This is the plot that one would get at the mean Earth-Sun distance. * * Joule hearing rate taken from Roble et al, JGR, 92, 6083, 1987 http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/hia/radio-monitoring.html * /solar_spectrum.html * LOGO 2011 PHYSICS OF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER ATMOSPHERE中高层大气物理学Solar Irradiance Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by ozone (O3) surface particles and magnetic fields photons core convection zone radiative zone surface atmosphere magnetosphere sunspot plage coronal mass ejection bow shock plasmasphere not to scale solar wind heliosphere atmosphere Sun-Earth System: Energy Coupling Radiation All molecules with a temperature above zero Kelvin (-273.15 ℃ ) emit radiant energy. Energy of a photon Absorption: electron excitation from low to high orbit Emission: electron de-excitation from high to low orbit Lyman series, Lα = 1216 ? Balmer series, Hα = 6563 ? Irradiance 对每一特定的频率间隔，如果每单位时间物体发射的光子与吸收的一样多，就说这个物体和它的环境处于辐射平衡。 物体每单位面积和单位时间内发射的总辐射能，称为辐射度(Irradiance)或发射功率E。 一定波长的辐射度Eλ称为光谱辐射度。表示每单位波长间隔（即波长λ和λ + dλ之间）的辐射度。 E和Eλ指的半球上的单位面积在任何方向的总的发射。 单位立体角内的强度I称为辐射强度(Radiance)。在各向同性辐射时，与辐射度之间的关系为Eλ=πIλ。 x y n d? ?n Blackbody A blackbody is a hypothetical object composed of a sufficient number of molecules absorbing and emitting radiant energy in all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. 如果频率为ν的各向同性辐射投射在物体的表面上，一部分辐射被吸收，一部分被反射，一部分将