morphology_词态学[精品].ppt

Blends (混合词) Blends are words created by combining parts of two already existing words e.g. Smog (from smoke and fog) motel (motor and hotel) Some newer ones: brunch (breakfast and lunch) fanzine (fan and magazine) biotech (biology and technology). Most blends are formed by combining two nouns * 5.5.4 Back formation A typical example of back formation is by the word televise, which is produced in corresponding to its noun television. More examples of this type of word formation: pronunciate from pronunciation, typewrite from typewriter, baby-sit from baby-sitter, edit from editor. * 5.5.5 Conversion In some languages, a word can change its category without changing its form or its pronunciation. This is called functional shift 1) Security forces can uncover an assassination plot against the president and then put the suspects on charges of plotting assassination. 2) We can ask someone to email us and then call his reply an email. 3) Similarly, companies can hire a group of new employees and call them new hires. All these cases demonstrate the conversion between nouns and verbs * Sometimes the same form can serve as noun, verb and adjective. Once a form has been shifted to a new lexical category, it follows the inflectional rules of that category. See the following sentences: She built bookshelves out of bricks and planks (noun). I wanted to sort out this problem with him, but it was like banging my head against a brick wall (adjective). All the doors have been bricked up to deter vandals (verb). * 5.5.6 Borrowed words/Loan words English has been extraordinarily receptive to borrowed words, accepting words from nearly a hundred languages in the last hundred years In English the examples of borrowed words are: electricity, atom (from Greek) karaoke, Jodo (from Japanese) wok (from Cantonese) cancer, tumor (from Latin) pork, beef, lamb (from French) OK, jeans, discos (from Ameri