第七讲静态与动态.doc

第七讲：静态与动态：词性转换法 试翻译： Eg. The effect of the overuse of nouns in writing is the placing of too much strain upon the verbs and the resultant prevention of movement of the thought. 译： 此句子的特点是？ 英语倾向于多用名词表示动作/行为，因而叙述呈静态（static），汉语倾向于多用动词来表示，因而叙述呈动态（dynamic）。 英语的静态倾向主要表现在以下几个方面： 用名词来表达原来属于动词，形容词甚至副词所表达的概念。 Eg. The effect of the overuse of nouns in writing is the placing of too much strain upon the verbs and the resultant prevention of movement of the thought. (paraphrase: One who overuses nouns in writing places too much strain upon the verbs and as a result prevents the thought from moving along.) 译：写作时过分使用名词，势必给动词增加太多的负担，因而阻碍思路畅通。 用名词表示施事者，以代替动词 大量由动词派生（如以-er或 –or结尾）的名词既表示施事者，又保留原来动词的意义。这类名词常与前置形容词构成静态结构。 He is a hard worker. 他工作很卖力。 He is a slow walker. 他走得很慢。 名词优势造成介词优势 由于英语多用名词，必然也要多用介词。介词优势与名词优势结合，使英语的静态倾向更为显著。 He has someone behind him. 有人给他撑腰。 He is at his books. 他在读书。 动词的弱化与虚化。 英语里最常用的动词正是动作意味最弱的动词——to be，由“it”或“there”与be构成的句式，其静态意味更加明显。试比较： There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida. 佛罗里达东海岸有一场热带风暴。 A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida. 一场热带风暴袭击了佛罗里达东海岸。 英语还常常把动词转化或派生为名词，置于虚化动词（如have, make, take, do 等）之后作其宾语，使其缺乏动态感。试比较： After he had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit. After he quarreled with his boss, Jack quit. 杰克与老板争吵之后便辞职了。 汉语的动态倾向主要表现在以下几个方面： 动词连用，如汉语中的连动式和兼语式，比如： 他想办法 摆脱了困境。 He thought his way out of the dilemma. 你去教室把他叫回来。 Go to the classroom and call him back. 动词词组可以充当汉语句子的各种成分。比如： 实现理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。 To translate ideals into reality needs hard work. 他不停地来回走着，激动得说不出话来。 He kept on walking back and forth, being too excited to say a single word. 汉语动词常常重复或重叠。比如： 来的来，去的去。 Some come here and others go away. 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time. 翻译技巧：词性转换法 由于英汉语的不同特点，英汉互译的过程往往是静态与动态互相转换的过程。适当运用这一技巧，可以使译文比较符合表达习惯。 静态转换成动态（名词译为动词） Ford’s first pledge was, “Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty”. It came not as a Bush revelation, but rather as a confirmation of the New York Ti