数据及信息的分别.docVIP

Data versus Information 數據及信息的分別 Data is defined as the symbols used to represent information to be processed by the computer. Data could be a set of no meaning random numbers, a phone number, or a string of words. It may or may not make sense when read. Information is the interpreted data that can be comprehensible by people and contains meaning. 數據是一些符號用作表示電腦處理的信息，數據可以是一些沒有意義的隨機數，電話號碼，或一些字串，有意義或沒有意義均可。 信息是一些經已翻譯有意義及可以理解的數據。 Data Characteristics數據特性 1. Data Independence數據獨立性 The structure of the database depends on the necessity of users. The setting is independent from the application program. Users can search, reorganize, and retrieve data in the database. Also, data can be added, delete, and change without requiring change in programs. 數據庫的實質結構獨立於用戶需求，其設定也獨立於應用程序。用戶可檢索和重新組織數據庫內的數據，然後提取資料。亦可隨意增加、删除或修訂數據，而不影響程序運作 2. Data Redundancy 多餘數據 User stores data in the database only require to store in one location. Storing the same field values more than once (unnecessarily) is referred to as data redundancy. 每用戶儲存自己數據在數據庫，祇需在一個位置貯存，便可供不同用戶使用。儲存用樣數據多於一次便屬多餘數據(冗餘)。 Three problems are caused by data redundancy. 1. Storing values multiple times wastes space. 2. When a field value changes, multiple occurrences need to be updated. 3. If we forget to change the values in any of the records, the database would then have inconsistent data. 冗餘數據有三個缺點： 增加儲存時間及浪費儲存位置。 如修改數據，不同檔案的數據要隨之更新。 如忘記修改檔案內的數據，數據庫的數據便不協調。 3. Data Integrity 數據完整性 Data Integrity means the consistency of data. After processing or moving data, we need to maintain data integrity. It includes to validate the content of in the database, to compare and validate data between tables then update. 指數據的精確性及期望值的一致性，在數據移動或處理之後，在數據庫系統中要 維護數據完整性。包括確認各個數據區內容、數據區之間的校核、將一個文件或表格中的數據與另一個文件或表格進行比較，校對並進行確認。在經過處理之後， 數據庫才被更新。 Database Terminology 數據庫術語 Database 數據庫 A database is a large repository of data. It can collect, index, store and display data systematically. It can also combine related data together. Normally database