华东 理工大学 化工原理 授课教案双语教学　传质1.pdf

SECTION 4 Mass Transfer and Its Applications Mass transfer is a universal nature phenomenon. Respiration Catalytic reaction A group of operations for separating the components of mixtures is based on the transfer of material from one homogeneous phase to another. Unlike purely mechanical separations, these methods utilize differences in vapor pressure, solubility, or diffusivity, not density or particle size. The driving force for transfer is a concentration difference or a difference in activity, much as a temperature difference or a temperature gradient provides the driving force for the heat transfer. These methods, covered by the term mass-transfer operations, include such techniques as distillation, 1 gas absorption or desorption (stripping), dehumidification, adsorption, liquid extraction, leaching, crystallization, membrane separations, and a number others not discussed in this book. Phase Equilibria Phase rule Gas-liquid equilibria and gas absorption Vapor-liquid equilibria and distillation A limit to mass transfer is reached if two phases come to equilibrium and the net transfer of material ceases. For a practicable process, which must have a reasonable production rate, equilibrium must be avoided, as the rate of mass transfer at any point is proportional to the driving force, which is the departure from equilibrium at that point. To evaluate driving force, a knowledge of equilibia between phases is therefore of basic importance. In all situations, two