石油工程专业英语采油技术基础.ppt

3.4 System Performance A producing well is shown as a system with the simplified schematic in figure 3.59. The major elements are the producing formation tubing, choke, surface flow line, and the separator. This degree of complexity will be sufficient to illustrate the concepts involved in describing the pressure-flow rate relationships of our production system. Each element of the system responds to its own performance relationship and also depends upon and influences the other elements. 3.4.1 Inflow Performance A producing well has a pressure difference within the formation between the wellbore and the reservoir, which causes the reservoir fluids to flow into the wellbore. Equations have been developed that describe the pressure distribution within a formation from a wellbore, out into a reservoir, as a function of time and flow rate. These equations tell us that when a well is opened to production, disturbing the initial reservoir pressure, a pressure wave moves outward into the reservoir and causes 3.4.1 Inflow Performance the pressure in the affected region to decrease continuously with time (fig. 3.60). The pressure in the formation at or near the wellbore (pwf) drops rapidly at first and then tends to stabilize with time (fig. 3.61). The value of the stabilized wellbore pressure depends on the flow rate (q). Some distance out into the reservoir the pressure is still at its initial value (fig. 3.60). With time, however, most areas of the reservoir are affected by a pressure reduction and the movement of fluid 3.4.1 Inflow Performance toward the wellbore. Production from the affected areas causes the energy supply of the reservoir to be reduced, and PR to decrease. If a well is opened to production at a reasonably constant flow rate, the flowing bottomhole pressure will soon stabilize (fig. 3.62). The well’s performance can be estimated by relating this stabilized pressure and the average reservoir pressure to the flow rat