第8讲 边界条件电容能量.pptVIP

summary (4) Electrostatic Energy in Terms at Field Quantities Recalling the vector identity, We can write as For a continuous charge distribution of density ? the formula for We above for discrete charges must be modified. Without going through a separate proof, we replace Qk by ?dv and the summation by an integration and obtain Since V’ can be any volume that includes all the charges, we may choose it to be a very large sphere with radius R (R→?). For a linear medium, we have D=?E, * Field and Wave Electromagnetic 电磁场与电磁波 1. Conductors in Static Electric Field 2. Dielectrics in Static Electric Field Inside a conductor (under static conditions) Boundary Conditions (at a Conductor/Free Space Interface) Review Polar Molecule Nonpolar Molecule ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Nonpolar Molecule Polar Molecule ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ea ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Polarization of dielectrics displacement polarization orientation polarization 位移极化 取向极化 （a）电介质正常状态下正负电荷中心重合 （b）电介质极化状态下正负电荷对中心分离 （a）电介质正常状态下正负电荷中心重合 （b）电介质极化状态下正负电荷对中心分离 无极分子：位移极化 有极分子：取向极化（同时有微小的位移极化） (a)有极分子排列混乱，固有电矩矢量和为零 (b)外电场中每个有极分子受到力矩作用而转动 (c)在垂直于电场方向的表面上出现极化电荷 均匀极化，非均匀极化，面极化电荷，体极化电荷 The polarization is formed gradually, as shown in the following figure. Dielectric Total field Ea+ Es Applied field Ea Because the directions of electric dipoles are almost coincided with that of applied field, the direction of the strongest secondary field in the middle of a dipole is always in opposite direction of applied field, that is Secondary field Es Polarization ? 3. Electric Flux Density and Dielectric Constant Main topic 1. Boundary Conditions for Electrostatic Fields 2. Capacitance and Capacitors 3. Electrostatic Energy 1. Boundary Conditions for Electrostatic Fields Electromagnetic problems often involve media with different physical properties and require the knowledge of the relations of the field quantities at an interface between tw