3[1].古典贸易理论.ppt

Trade Theories Early Trade Theories The Classical Theory of Trade Absolute Advantage and the Smith Model Comparative Advantage and the Ricardian Model Neoclassical Trade Theory Factor Endowment and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Specific Factor Model Modern Trade Theories Imperfect Competition and Economies of Scale Product Life Cycle Theory Overlapping Demand Theory New Development in International Trade Theory Classical Trade Models(Framework) Mercantilism(重商主义) Absolute Advantage Theory Comparative Advantage Theory Mercantilism Definition Background Two Periods and Representatives Main ideas Policies Criticisms to Mercantilism Definition Between 1600 and 1800 most of the states of western Europe were heavily influenced by a policy usually known as mercantilism. Mercantilism is a collection of policies designed to keep the state prosperous by economic regulation. Background Increase in Commercial Activity due to discovery of new trade routes Emphasis on the quest for gold and silver New social classes: world-wide merchants Rise of Nation-States: Spain, Holland, England, France Two Periods and Representatives Main Ideas Of Mercantilism Nation’s Wealth = Country’s holdings of precious metals Export is a gain (gain precious metals); import is a loss (lose precious metals) Trade is a “Zero-sum Game”: one country’s gain is the loss of another country Policies Of Mercantilism Build up the power of a nation-state: strong army, strong navy, and merchant marine Maintain a positive trade balance: export import: a. Both import of wares and money; and custom- free export; b. Reducing the import of luxury goods; c. Encouragement of imports with the purpose of re-export. Criticisms to Mercantilism David Hume （大卫·休谟） Adam Smith The policy suggested by the Mercantilism is a Kind of “beggar-the-neighbor” policy（以邻为壑的政策）.It’s no good to anyone. Advocate the principle of Free trade David Hume（ 1711-1776） One of the greatest philosophers