信息通信Chapter 17.pptVIP

Generally, each major synchronization point must be acknowledged before the session can continue. If an error occurs, data can be recovered only up to the last major point. The minor synchronization points do not need to be confirmed , there are only security blankets. If there is an error, the control flow can go back one or more minor synchronization points and resend the data. (1) Conventional method (传统方法) In conventional encryption, the encryption algorithm is known by everyone but the key is secret except to the sender and receiver. Monoalphabetic substitution (单字母替换) each character is replaced by another character. Polyalphabetic substitution (多字母替换) Transposition encryption (位置变换) The three methods above are all obsolete (过时的).The conventional methods used today are based on bits, not characters. In bit level techniques, data are first divided into blocks of bits, then altered by substitution(替换), transposition(位置替换), swapping(交换), exclusive-or(异或), circular shifting(循环移位), and so on. One of the commonly used conventional encryption methods is DES (Data Encryption Standard). This algorithm takes a 64-bit plaintext and 56-bit key, through 19 different and complex procedures to create a 64-bit ciphertext (see figure 17-9). (2) Public key methods (公开密钥) In this method, every user has the same encryption algorithm and encryption key. The decryption algorithm and key is kept secret. Any one can encrypt information, but only an authorized receiver can decrypt it. The decryption algorithms are not the inverse of the encryption algorithm. It uses completely different functions, and knowing one does not enable a user to know the other. In addition, intruder （侵入者）still will be unable to decipher the code (at least not easy). Figure 17-10 show the concepts of public key encryption. (1) Lossless Compression (无损压缩) The compressing and decompressing algorithms are usually the inverse of each other, in other words, after decompressing,