国际经济学 课件chap008(formal).ppt

CHAPTER 8 NONTARIFF BARRIERS TO IMPORTS AND PUSHING EXPORTS Import quotas The import quota specifies that only a certain physical amount of the good will be allowed into the country during the time period, usually one year. Import quotas Reasons of using a quota: Ensures that the quantity of imports is strictly limited. Gives government officials greater power. Quota versus tariff for a small country Quota versus tariff for a small country For a competitive market, the effects of a quota on price, quantities, and well-being are the same as those of an equivalent tariff, with one possible exception. The import quota is worse than the tariff in two cases: If quota licenses are allocated through resource-using application and selection procedures. If a dominant domestic firm can use the quota to assert its monopoly pricing power. Quota vs. tariff for a large country Quota vs. tariff for a large country If the quota licenses can be distributed with minimal resource costs, then the effect on net national well-being of the import quota is the gain of area e less the loss of area b+d. If the exporters are passive, then a large country can gain net national well-being by imposing an import quota, and there is an optimal quota that maximizes the gain in national well-being. An optimal quota are the same as those for the optimal tariff. The quota hurts the foreign country, and the foreign country may choose to retaliate. Even if the foreign country does not retaliate, the quota causes worldwide inefficiency. Methods of import-license distribution Import-license auction The government gets (almost all of) area c, in the form of auction revenues. Fixed favoritism In this case the importers lucky enough to receive the import licenses will get area c. Resource-using application With resource-using procedures, some or all of area c is turned into a loss to society by wasting productive resources. Voluntary Export Restraints A voluntary export restraint (VER) is an export quota