The first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律.docVIP

The first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律 （20）Thermodynamics is a macroscopic science, and at its most fundamental level, is the study of two physical quantities, energy and entropy. Energy may be regarded as the capacity to do work, whilst entropy maybe regarded as a measure of the disorder of a system. Thermodynamics is particularly concerned with the interconversion of energy as heat and work. 热力学是一门宏观的科学，它在最基本的水平上对能量和熵两个物理量进行了研究。能量可以认为是做功的能力，而熵是一个体系混乱度的测量。能量以热和功的形式所进行的相互转变是热力学特别关心的。 In the chemical context, the relationships between these properties may be regarded as the driving forces behind chemical reactions. Since energy is either released or taken in by all chemical and biochemical processes, thermodynamics enables the prediction of whether a reaction may occur or not without need to consider the nature of matter itself. 在化学范围中，这些性质之间相互关系可以认为是化学反应的驱动力。因为在所有化学和生物化学过程中，能量要么被释放，要么被吸入。热力学可以预言一个反应能否发生而不需考虑物质本身的性质。 Consideration of the energetics of a reaction is only one part of the story. Thermodynamics determines the potential for chemical change, not the rate of chemical change---that is the domain of chemical kinetics. 考虑反应的动能学仅仅是研究化学反应的一部分。热力学决定了一个化学变化的潜能，而不是化学变化的速度，即化学变化是动力学研究的范围 Internal energy内能 （21）A fundamental parameter in thermodynamics is the internal energy denoted as U. This is the total amount of energy in a system, irrespective of how that energy is stored. Internal energy is the sum total of all kinetic and potential energy within the system. 内能是动力学的一个基本参数，用U表示。它是体系的总能量，与能量的储存方式无关。内能是体系内所有动能和势能的总和。 Work 功 （22）Work is the transfer of energy as orderly motion. In mechanical terms, work is due to energy being expended against an opposing force. The total work is equal to the product of the force and the distance moved against it. Work in chemical or biological system generally manifests itself in only a limited number of forms. Those most commonly encountered are pressure-volume (PV) work and electrical work. 功是有序运动所引起的能量转移。按物理学的术语，功是对抗相反的力所消耗的能