有机英文课件Chap6.ppt

6. Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity Based on McMurry’s Organic Chemistry, 6th edition Alkene - Hydrocarbon With Carbon- Carbon Double Bond Also called an olefin but alkene is better Includes many naturally occurring materials Flavors, fragrances, vitamins Important industrial products These are feedstocks for industrial processes 6.2 Degree of Unsaturation Relates molecular formula to possible structures Degree of unsaturation: number of multiple bonds or rings Formula for saturated a acyclic compound is CnH2n+2 Each ring or multiple bond replaces 2 Hs Example: C6H10 Saturated is C6H14 Therefore 4 Hs are not present This has two degrees of unsaturation Two double bonds? or triple bond? or two rings or ring and double bond Degree of Unsaturation With Other Elements Organohalogens (X: F, Cl, Br, I) Halogen replaces hydrogen C4H6Br2 and C4H8 have one degree of unsaturation Oxygen atoms - if connected by single bonds These dont affect the total count of Hs Degree of Unsaturation and Variation Compounds with the same degree of unsaturation can have many things in common and still be very different If C-N Bonds Are Present Nitrogen has three bonds So if it connects where H was, it adds a connection Point Subtract one H for equivalent degree of unsaturation in hydrocarbon Summary - Degree of Unsaturation Count pairs of Hs below CnH2n+2 Add number of halogens to number of Hs (X equivalent to H) Dont count oxygens (oxygen links H) Subtract Ns - they have two connections 6.3 Naming of Alkenes Find longest continuous carbon chain for root Number carbons in chain so that double bond carbons have lowest possible numbers Rings have “cyclo” prefix Many Alkenes Are Known byCommon Names Ethylene = ethene Propylene = propene Isobutylene = 2- methylpropene Isoprene = 2-methyl-1,3- butadiene 6.4 Electronic Structure of Alkenes Carbon atoms in a double bond are sp2-hybridized Three equivalent orbitals at 120o separation in pl