Diversity, Epidemiology, and Genetics of Class D β-Lactamases.pdfVIP

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Jan. 2010, p. 24–38 Vol. 54, No. 1 0066-4804/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/AAC.01512-08 Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. MINIREVIEW Diversity, Epidemiology, and Genetics of Class D -Lactamases Laurent Poirel, Thierry Naas, and Patrice Nordmann* Service de Bacte´riologie-Virologie, INSERM U914 Emerging Resistance to Antibiotics, Hoˆpital de Biceˆtre, Faculte´ de Me´decine et Universite´ Paris-Sud, 94275 Le Kremlin-Biceˆtre, France Class D -lactamase-mediated resistance to -lactams has been increasingly reported during the last decade. Those enzymes also known as oxacillinases or OXAs are widely distributed among Gram negatives. Genes encoding class D -lactamases are known to be intrinsic in many Gram-negative rods, including Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but play a minor role in natural resistance phenotypes. The OXAs (ca. 150 variants reported so far) are characterized by an important genetic diversity and a great heterogeneity in terms of -lactam hydrolysis spectrum. The acquired OXAs possess either a narrow spectrum or an expanded spectrum of hydrolysis, including carbapenems in several instances. Acquired class D -lac- tamase genes are mostly associated to class 1 integron or to insertion sequences. Class D -lactamases, also known as oxacillinases or OXA- GENERAL PROPERTIES type -lactamases (OXAs), are active-serine-site enzymes like Ambler class A and class C -lactamases, differing from class A OXAs are -lactamases belonging to c