学科教学论 杜娟.ppt

Task-based Language Teaching 各家之言 Long Tasks are meant what people do in everyday life, at work, at play and in between Breen Tasks are assumed to refer to a range of work plans with the purpose of facilitating language learning---from the simple and brief exercise type to more complex and lengthy activities ( such as group problem solving or simulations and decision making) Prabhu Tasks are activities require learners to arrive a an outcome from giving information through some process( can be controlled and regulated by teachers ) of thought. Nunan Tasks are a piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on the meaning rather than form. Willis Tasks are activities where the target language is used by the learner for a communicative purpose to achieve an outcome. Ur A task is essentially goal-oriented. It expects the learners of an observable and attainable result ( such as brief notes, lists, a drawing, a spoken summary, ect.) Clark, Scarino and Brownell A task has four main components: A purpose making sure the students have a reason for undertaking the task A context this can be real, simulated or imaginary, and involve sociolinguistic issues ( such as the location, the participants and their relationship, etc.) A process getting students to use learning strategies ( such as problem solving, reasoning, inquiring, conceptualising, communicating, etc.) A product some form of outcome, either visible ( a written plan, a play, a letter, etc.) or invisible ( enjoying a story, learning about another country, etc.) 我之所见 task就是去做一件事情，但做事情并不一定就是task，只能说 是Exercise 以目标(purpose)为导向，必须是学习者有意识地去做 过程（process）是一种communicating, 是一种社会性的活 动，至少要有两个人参加； 注重meaning的表述， 而不是表达中使用的语言本身 不受form的限制 （参照P29的 activity2 activity3） 结果（production）应该是observable的， 即可以听到，看到 ，摸到，嗅到 （参照P29的 activity1） 结果不