洗车碰撞对人体各部位的损伤判断.pdfVIP

Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM DEFINITION 1.1.1 Background Mines, and specifically Anti-Tank (AT) mines, are a significant threat for military vehicles and their occupants [Radonić, 2004]. The AT mines are designed for the destruction and damage of armored and other vehicles, usually by using them in mine fields on routes used by vehicles of the enemy. These mines, with huge variation in charge mass and initiation types, a huge amount of strong explosive, and great destructive forces, can be buried in all soil types, on railroad lines, in coastal areas and river approaches, and they can be buried separately or in groups to form minefields. The first modern antitank mines appeared in World War I as a weapon against the first armored vehicles. During World War II, technological progress in the production of antitank mines enabled their widespread tactical application. One-fourth of all German tanks were destroyed by mines in the Russia-German conflict [Mitchel, 1964; Utter, 1960]. Further technological improvement after World War II made the antitank mine one of the most efficient and least expensive lethal weapons. There are several hundred different types of antitank mines in the world today and millions of mines are left behind in several (post-war) countries. The number of antitank landmines in the world is difficult to estimate. For example, antitank mines are estimated to account 20% of the presumed total 2 millions landmines laid during the war of Croatia from 1991 to 1995 [Radonić, 2004]. In the past ten years, national and international projects for the improvement of the mine protection of several military vehicles from trucks up to main battle tanks