第二章 西欧各国封建制度的发展 第四节 商业城市兴起和十字军东侵.pptVIP

第四节 商业城市兴起和十字军东侵  Crusades in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries were holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslim Arabs or the Turks. In the later twelfth and entire thirteenth centuries, crusades were also directed against Europe’s domestic enemies, heretics. Between 1096 and 1270 there were at least eight campaigns to wrest the Holy Land from the infidels. Throughout this period, Christians alone and in groups left Europe in a steady trickle for the Middle East. Although people of all ages and classes participated in the C