Chapter 12 Mass-Storage Systems 操作系统教材.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Extensions RAID alone does not prevent or detect data corruption or other errors, just disk failures Solaris ZFS adds checksums of all data and metadata Checksums kept with pointer to object, to detect if object is the right one and whether it changed Can detect and correct data and metadata corruption ZFS also removes volumes, partititions Disks allocated in pools Filesystems with a pool share that pool, use and release space like “malloc” and “free” memory allocate / release calls Stable-Storage Implementation Write-ahead log scheme requires stable storage To implement stable storage: Replicate information on more than one nonvolatile storage media with independent failure modes Update information in a controlled manner to ensure that we can recover the stable data after any failure during data transfer or recovery Tertiary Storage Devices Low cost is the defining characteristic of tertiary storage Generally, tertiary storage is built using removable media Common examples of removable media are floppy disks and CD-ROMs; other types are available Removable Disks Floppy disk — thin flexible disk coated with magnetic material, enclosed in a protective plastic case Most floppies hold about 1 MB; similar technology is used for removable disks that hold more than 1 GB Removable magnetic disks can be nearly as fast as hard disks, but they are at a greater risk of damage from exposure Removable Disks (Cont.) A magneto-optic disk records data on a rigid platter coated with magnetic material Laser heat is used to amplify a large, weak magnetic field to record a bit Laser light is also used to read data (Kerr effect) The magneto-optic head flies much farther from the disk surface than a magnetic disk head, and the magnetic material is covered with a protective layer of plastic or glass; resistant to head crashes Optical disks do not use magnetism; they employ special materials that are altered by laser light WORM Disks