Chapter 13 Numerical Issues TI C5000官方教材.pptVIP

Products of size 2N or 2N-1 Bits? 1 of 3 The product of 2 data values of size N bits can be stored using 2N-1 bits, except where the two most negative numbers are multiplied together. Example of size N=3 bits for integer values. The integer values are between –4 and +3. All the products are between –16 and +15 and can be written on 2N-1=5 bits, Except –4 x –4 = 16. Example on N=16 bits and Q15 format: -1 x –1 = +1 cannot be written on 31 bits in Q30. Products of Size 2N or 2N-1 Bits? 2 of 3 Consider the case of data 1 using N=16 bits, Q15 format. Their products are 1 and can be expressed using 32 bits format Q30 with 2 sign bits It is possible with the C5000 DSP to automatically eliminate one sign bit by a left shift of 1 bit, thus obtaining a Q31 result. If bit FRCT in ST1 is set to 1, products are automatically shifted left by 1 bit. Products of Size 2N or 2N-1 Bits? 3 of 3 The exception –1 x –1 can be treated using the SMUL status bit that saturate the result of the multiplication before accumulation. –1 is equal to 8000 in hexadecimal on 16 bits. If SMUL=1, SATD or OVM=1, FRCT =1 The product of (1)8000 x (1)8000 is saturated to the positive number 7FFF FFFF after the multiplication and before accumulation in MAC or MAS instructions. Consistent with ETSI-GSM specifications. Fixed Point Programming Perpetual compromise between dynamic range and precision constraints Keep enough bits to represent the integer part of the result Keep enough bits in the fractional part to satisfy the precision. Rounding results. Entering Non-Integer Values using the Software Development Tools The tools do not support fractions To store 0.707 in Q15 use: .word 32768*707/1000 To store 3.252 in Q13 use: .word 8192*3252/1000 Generally, to convert a real number x using 2’s complement representation with size N bits and format Qk: Calculate the integer y=round(x 2k) The 2’s comp. representation of y is the 2’s comp. representation of x in format Qk. Some more stuff on Saturation 0