chapter2 Engine Gas Exchange Process 发动机原理英文PPT幻灯片课件.pptVIP

* * Chapter 6 Induction and exhaust processes 6.4 Valve timing 6.4.1 Effects of valve timing Two timing diagrams are shown in figure 6.16. The first (figure 6.16a) is typical of a compression ignition engine or conventional spark ignition engine, while figure 6.16b is typical of a high-performance spark ignition engine. In compression ignition engines the valve overlap at top dead centre is often limited by the piston to cylinder-head clearance. Also the inlet valve has to close soon after bottom dead centre, otherwise the reduction in compression ratio may make cold starting too difficult. The exhaust valve opens about 40°before bottom dead centre (bbdc) in order to ensure that all the combustion products have sufficient time to escape. This entails a slight penalty in the power stroke, but 40° bbdc represents only about 12 per cent of the engine stroke. It should also be remembered that 5° after starting to open the valve may be 1 per cent of fully open, after 10°, 5 per cent of fully open, and not fully open until 120° after starting to open. In spark ignition engines with large valve overlap, the part throttle and idling operation suffers since the reduced induction manifold pressure causes back-flow of the exhaust. Furthermore, full load economy is poor since some unburnt mixture will pass straight through the engine when both valves are open at top dead centre. These problems are avoided in a turbocharged engine with in-cylinder fuel injection. The level of exhaust residuals trapped in the cylinder has a significant effect on the cycle-by-cycle variations in combustion, and the emissions of NOx. As with exhaust gas recirculation, high levels of exhaust residuals lead to lower emissions of NOx and greater cycle-by-cycle variations in combustion. The level of residuals increases with: (a) decreasing absolute inlet manifold pressure (b) reducing compression ratio (c) increasing valve overlap (d) decreasing speed (e) increasing exh