smell+paralanguage 跨文化的交际复习知识指导资料.ppt

Smell;Paralanguage ;定义：副语言 也称是辅助语言，它包括发声系统的各个要素：音质、音幅、音调、音色等。 狭义的“副语言”指有声现象，如说话时气喘，嗓子沙哑或者尖溜溜，吃吃笑，整句话带鼻音，某个字音拉得很长，压低嗓音打喳喳，结结巴巴说话不连贯等等。这些是伴随话语而发生或对话语有影响的，有某种意义，但是那意义并非来自词汇、语法或一般语音规则。 广义的“副语言”指无声而有形的现象，即与话语同时或单独使用的手势、身势、面部表情、对话时的位置和距离等等，这些也能表示某种意义，一般有配合语言加强表达能力的作用。 ; Voice modulation carries very strong emotional overtones. Tempo in speech illustrates cultural variation. Tempo can also serve as an emotional indication. Volume varies with situations and across cultures. Silence is another element in voice modulation that indicates cultural divergence.;Ex. A. Comprehension Check ;E. Discover the Meaning of Some Common Gestures in English;Number 3 means “I don’t know ” or “I have no idea.” Number 4 means “I can’t / didn’t hear you.” Number 5 means “That’s enough” or “It’s all over for me.” Number 6 is the “thumbs down” sign used to indicate rejection or refusal. Number 8 means “Come here.” Number 9 is widely used in the U.S. (but not in Britain), meaning “OK”. ;Number 11 means “Oh, I forgot ” or is used as an expression of surprise. Number 12 means “Slow down ” , “Relax”, or “Wait a second.” Gestures not used in the UK or U.S. are numbers 7 and 10. Number 7 is used in the United States and some other Western countries to mean “Something’s a bit suspicious / odd here”. Number 10 is used in Italy to say “Hero”. For Indonesians, Malaysians, and some Arabs, it signals “Come here.” Some speakers of English might confuse this gesture with the wave for “Goodbye”.