Breaking through Bureaucracy突破权要制原文及中文翻译.doc

Breaking through Bureaucracy（突破官僚制）原文及中文翻译 第一段 Imagine how government would work if almost every operating decision-including the hiring and firing of individuals_were made on partisan political grounds; if many agencies spent their entire annual appropriations in the first three months of the fiscal year; if appropriations were made to agencies without any-one having formulated a spending and revenue budget for the jurisdiction as a whole; and if no agency or person in the executive branch had authority to oversee the activities of government agencies. 试想一下，要是政府日常运作的所有决策——包括雇用和解雇工作人员——都是在党派政治的基础上作出的，政府将如何开展工作；许多机构都在每个财政年度的前三个月用完整个财政年度的拨款，政府将如何开展工作；要是没有基于整体的司法公正而对收支进行预算之前就把预拨款发放给各个机构，政府将如何开展工作；要是行政部门中没有任何机构或个人有权监督政府机构的活动，政府将如何开展工作。 第二段 This state of affairs was, in fact, the norm in the united states in the nineteenth century. That it sounds so chaotic and back-ward to us is due to the success of early twentieth-century reformers in influencing politics and administration at the city, state, and federal levels. As a result of their influence, most americans take for granted that administrative decisions should be made in a businesslike manner, that the executive branch should be organized hierarchically, that most agency heads should be appointed by the chief executive, that the appropriations process should begin when the chief executive submits an over-all budget to the legislature, that most positions should be staffed by qualified people, that materials should be purchased from responsible vendors based on objective criteria, and that systems of fiscal control and accountability should be reliable. 实际上，这就是19 世纪美国政府所处的状态。这听起来有些混乱、落后，因为20 世纪早期改革家们在城市、州和联邦范围内成功地影响了他们的政治和管理。由于他们的影响，大部分美国人理所当然地认为作出行政决定应该像商业事务那样，行政部门应该按等级构成，大部分机构负责人应由行政主管任命，当行政主管向立法机关提交全面的预算时拨款程序就将开始，大部分职位应由合格人选担任，材料应当依照客观标准从负责的供货商那里购买，政府财政控制体系和责任机制应当是可靠的。 第三段 The political movements favoring this form of bureaucratic government emerged partly in response to the social problems created by the t