Carbohydrates as Energy Sources课件.pptVIP

Summary Complex carbs have been digested to simple sugars Enterocyte has absorbed them and delivered them to the blood Key Pathways in Carbohydrate Utilization Insulin-stimulated uptake Low circulating concentrations of insulin: GLUT4 is sequestered within cytosolic vesicles in myocytes and adipocytes Accumulation of glucose in blood triggers insulin release from pancreatic ?-cells; Insulin-receptor signaling induces the redistribution of GLUT4 from intracellular storage sites to the plasma membrane; once incorporated into the cell membrane, GLUT4 facilitates the passive diffusion of circulating glucose down its concentration gradient The pathway in which GLUT4 is integrated into the plasma membrane begins with insulin binding to its receptor dimer The receptor dimer autophosphorylates (intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity) and subsequently activates insulin-responsive substrate-1 (IRS1), which initiates a series of reactions to activate protein kinase B (PKB) Once phosphorylated, PKB is in its active form and phosphorylates other targets that stimulate GLUT4 mobilization and trafficking to the plasma membrane Once inside cells, glucose is rapidly phosphorylated by hexokinase to form G6P; it is this form of glucose that serves as the initial substrate for glycolysis G6P cannot diffuse back out of cells; thus G6P serves to maintain the concentration gradient for glucose to passively enter cells. Converting Sugars to an Energy Currency Key concepts Glycolysis TCA cycle Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis G6P is trapped in cell cytosol; glycolysis occurs in cytosol Glycolysis Summary C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 P ----- 2 pyruvic acid, CH3(C=O)COOH + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ TCA (Citric Acid) Cycle Now, we are shifting from the cytosol, to the mitochondria Using C-containing molecules that originated with dietary carbohydrate and metabolized to tri-carboxylic acids , we are generating ATP and reducing power that will flow into the electron t