固体物理ppt6.pptVIP

* Chapter 6 Free electron Fermi gas Key points: Free electron gas Heat capacity of the electron gas the equation of motion in fields electrical conductivity Hall effect What is the physical properties of metals? Electrical conductivity good Thermal conductivity good Heat capacity C = ?T + AT3 @ T ? 0 Magnetic susceptibility …… We can understand many physical properties of metals in terms of the free electron model. According to this model, the valence electrons of the constituent atoms become conduction electrons and move about freely though the volume of the metal. Different models: Classical free electron gas model (Drude model): treat the free electrons gas as classical ideal gas. success: Ohm’s law failure: heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility Free electron Fermi gas model (Sommerfeld model): treat the free electrons gas as Fermi gas following Fermi-Dirac distribution. success: heat capacity failure: what is the different from metals and isolators. Near free electron gas model: Consider the free electrons Fermi gas in a periodical potential V(r + R) = V(r) ? 0. success: energy bands Other models: Other corrections of the periodical potential V(r). success: details of the energy bands Energy levels in one dimension Consider a free gas confined to a length L by infinite barriers, taking account of quantum theory and of the Pauli principle. The Hamiltonian H = p2/2m The Schr?dinger equation The fixed boundary conditions: Then the wave function And the energy According to the Pauli principle no two electrons can have all their quantum numbers identical. The quantum numbers of a conduction electron orbital: n (is any positive integer) ms (= ?1/2) A pair of orbitals labeled by the quantum number n can accommodate two electrons, one with spin up (ms = 1/2) and one with spin down (ms = 1/2). The Fermi energy: the Fermi energy is defined as the energy of the topmost fill