法律英语总论课件.pptVIP

总论 程序法包括民事和刑事两方面，其中民事程序是指民事诉讼双方当事人通过法院解决争议的规则体系。 总论 一般说来，原告是向法院提起诉讼的一方，而诉讼针对的另一方当事人则是被告。在上诉案件中，上诉人是指提出上诉的一方，而被上诉人则是在原判决中胜诉的一方。 总论 在大多数州法院和联邦法院，如果案由出自同一桩交易或者同类交易并且涉及事实或法律问题又相同，原告可以合并起诉。除此之外，原告可以把所有对彻底解决或处理争议必不可少的人作为被告合并起诉。如果被告声称彻底解决争议还必须有其他当事人，他可以将其他人作为第三人被告纳入该案。只有当某些人对被告（或原告）负有责任时，这种程序才会随之启动。 总论 英美法系审判程序的一个重要特征就是抗辩制。在抗辩制中，提起诉讼，界定争议以及出示证据都几乎完全是争议当事人的责任。法院几乎没有任何积极作为，不自行调查，甚至很少询问。大多数时候，法院的责任只是按照特定的程序规则指导诉讼的进行，或是对诉讼引发的法律问题做出判决。 总论 抗辩制的盛行有多种原因。首先，人们认为由利害关系的当事人为主导的较量可以导致更符合实际情况的决定。第二，诉讼结果对诉讼双方来说都有直接利害关系，因此诉讼双方必须要承担诉讼所需时间和精力的负担。第三，树立对立面使案件的处理变成了几道是非题，使不具偏见的法官较容易处理。 总论 对抗辩制持批评态度的人指出，抗辩制把诉讼变为一场比赛，其结果更多地取决于律师的技巧，而不是案子本身的是非曲直。在最近几年，当事人在法庭上扮演积极角色的趋势有所扩大，但是抗辩制在美国是可行的，在司法程序的几乎所有阶段，法院仍然享有对诉讼当事人的控制权。 Related Words Adversary system Defendant Plaintiff Litigation Adversary system The trial method used in the US and some other countries. This system is based on the belief that truth can best be determined by giving opposing parties full opportunity to present and establish their evidence, and to test by cross-examination the evidence presented by their adversaries. All this is done under the established rules of procedure before an impartial judge and/or jury. defendant A defendant is any party who is required to answer the complaint of a plaintiff in a civil lawsuit before a court, or any party who has been formally charged or accused of violating a criminal statute. plaintiff A plaintiff, also known as a claimant, or a complainant is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court. By doing so, the plaintiff seeks a legal remedy, and if successful, the court will issue judgment in favour of the plaintiff and make the appropriate court order (eg. an order for damages). ? litigation A case, controversy, or lawsuit. A contest authorized by law, in a court of justice, for the purpose of enforcing a right. Participants (plaintiffs and defendants) in lawsuits are called litigants. litigation The process of bringing and pursuing a lawsuit. Litigation