(医学专业英语)Cells, Tissues, and Organs知识介绍.pptVIP

Cells, Tissues, and Organs Haijian XIA（夏海坚） Department of Neurosurgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University The Cell The body can be studied from its simplest to its most complex level, beginning with the cell, the basic unit of living organisms . Cells carry out metabolism, the sum of all of the physical and chemical activities that occur in the body. Providing the energy for metabolic reactions is the chemical ATP (adenosine triphosphate), commonly described as the energy compound of the cell. The main categories of organic compounds of the cell are: ? Proteins, which include the enzymes, some hormones, and structural materials. ? Carbohydrates, which include sugars and starches. The main carbohydrate is the sugar glucose, which circulates in the blood to provide energy for the cells. ? Lipids, which include fats. Some hormones are derived from lipids, and adipose (fat) tissue is designed to store lipids. Within the cytoplasm that fills the cell are subunits called organelles, each with a specific function. The main cell structures are named and described as below: Tissue Cells are organized into four basic types of tissues that perform specific functions : Epithelial tissue covers and protects body structures and lines organs, vessels, and cavities. Connective tissue supports and binds body structures. It contains fibers and other nonliving material between the cells. Included are adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Muscle tissue contracts to produce movement. There are three types of muscle tissue: Skeletal or voluntary muscle moves the skeleton. Cardiac muscle forms the heart. It functions without conscious control and is described as involuntary. Smooth, or visceral muscle forms the walls of the abdominal organs; it is also involuntary. Nervous tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It coordinates and controls body responses by the transmission of electrical impulses.